Fascinating Aspects of Glycobiology—Part 9 (Brain Development)

Author -  Larry A. Law

August 19, 2025
Print Friendly and PDF

Share this article:

The brain is the command center for human operations. These operations can be voluntary or involuntary. The sugar, sialic acid (Sia) is one of the eight glycobology sugars of particular interest in brain development. It is often noted as poly sialic acid (polySia or PSA) in the scientific literature. PSA if very often the terminal (last) sugar on cell receptors in the brain. It is the most common sugar in the brain and actively influences connections and brain development.

Building the Growing Brain in the Young

Brain development in infants is complex, but occurs quickly. By the time a child is two years old, their brain is 80% of its adult weight. Children are born with a complete number of neurons (brain cells), but the synaptic connections between them constantly route and re-route themselves after birth. These roads between brain cells become the neural pathways sustaining our ability to think, learn, make associations, and remember. Neurons do not connect directly to other neurons. There is a synaptic gap or space between the end of one neural highway and another. Electrical signals coming down to the end of one highway cause chemical neurotransmitters to be generated. These neurotransmitters are released and diffuse across the synaptic space and bind to receptors on the other highway's synapse; this procedure results in an electrical charge being generated on that side. This is how we make connections. Sialic acid plays a dominant role in proper brain development and cognition. It is vitally important for children to have an adequate supply of this sugar nutrient throughout this developmental period to facilitate the proper construction of the pathways in their brains.

PolySia is a Major Regulator

Within the developing fetus, PSA serves a critical role in building the emerging nervous system. PSA Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules (PSA-NCAM) increase neural plasticity which means brain cells can more easily break and form synaptic junctions. PSA-NCAM direct construction of the new roadways and guides them to travel through the growing brain to the proper destination (brain cell) to establish a new synaptic connection. Synapses represent the street intersections within a city. The roads are the pathways electrical signals can travel. At intersections, they can cause signals to be sent down side roads and/or stimulate other pathways. This is how a random smell can generate an associated memory of another event that occurred years ago.

​Each neuron can connect with over 40,000 synapses. There are 10,000 specific types of neurons. The brain processes information at 268 miles per hour (432 km/hr) and during pregnancy 250,000 neurons are created every minute. One quadrillion (1000 trillion) synapses are created before a three-year old begins to trim away half of them. The brain eliminates the roads built which are no longer needed. Roads that carry a lot of traffic become interstates and major highways in the brain. Local roads are useful too, but some roads are seldom or never used. They end up as dirt paths and the brain trims these away and eliminates them from the city's traffic map. A brain cell (neuron) with its axon pathways extending to other neurons is depicted below.

Importance of Sialic Acid

PSA expresses itself in more than 90 different Sia residues/varieties. Sia is attached to glycoproteins and glycolipids and is often the terminal sugar on the chain. When it is not created properly, psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, autism, depression, and bipolar disorder result. Human brain cells have two to four times more Sia than other cell glycocalyxes in the human body. Sia enables neurotrasmissions between neurons and impacts learning and memory. Studies on piglets (their brains resemble human brain's structure and function more closely than almost any other animal) demonstrated that a diet rich in Sia vastly improved their cognitive function.

The Brain's Lymphatic System

Some people view science as a static thing. They cite a fact as if it is the last word on the subject. They don't realize that science is always evolving and changing. It is not dogma. A great example occurred in 2015. Researchers discovered that the brain is supported by the lymphatic system. The lymph system exists throughout the brain, but no one recognized it for what it was until 9 years ago. For decades, the medical system believed and taught that the lymphatic system existed only below the head. This unexpected discovery had huge ramifications. It means that the brain is not a sterile environment. There are microbes (friendly bacteria) that lodge in our brains. The brain has its own microbiome just like the gut does. The interplay between brain neurons, glial cells, and bacteria are all related and work together for optimal brain function.

Sugar nutrients play a key role in this new view of the brain. Sugars like mannose operate in the same manner as gas in the gas tank of macrophages (immune system cells). A well-functioning immune system requires activated macrophages. They carry beneficial microbes to the brain to support the microbiome there. They stimulate the immune system to fight unwelcome bacteria. The balance between good and bad bacteria is vital in the gut and in the brain. Elimination of waste and toxins out of the brain via the lymph is crucial because the brain is housed in a fixed bone cavity that cannot expand. Blockages in the lymph system can cause fluid build-up resulting in swelling and inflammation in the brain, initiating disease. The bottom line is that these glycobiology sugars stimulate our immune system defense cells. They provide the building blocks necessary to build cell-surface, sugar structures enabling the brain and the body to perform correctly. They are vital nutrients for brain health.

Recent Posts

By Larry Law March 31, 2026
Kitchen cooking oils will not last forever. Depending upon the oil, it can go rancid in a matter of months or a few years. You don't want to cook with rancid oil because it smells like wet socks and the living components have lost their vitality. But the good news is, expired oil won't hurt you. There is no water in it, so no mold can grow to make it rotten and dangerous. It can still be used for creative applications. According to the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, “Vegetable oils have many good natural properties including good lubricity, good resistance to shear, a high flash point, and a high viscosity index.” These qualities make them quite versatile in a number of applications. You might consider keeping your old oil rather than throwing it out. Recycling expired oil could prove to be a valuable asset in emergency situations.
By Larry Law March 17, 2026
Disposable face masks, such as those health officials encouraged (or in some cases, mandated) the public to wear during the COVID-19 pandemic, are made of synthetic fibers and may contain chemical compounds. Many people have questioned the wisdom of wearing masks made of synthetic fibers for long periods, asking whether inhaling the chemical compounds masks release could lead to health problems.
By Larry Law March 3, 2026
Deaths from Alzheimer's more than doubled between 2000 and 2019. In 2023, nearly 7 million Americans have been diagnosed with the disease. Today, 1 in 3 seniors dies with Alzheimer's or dementia—the death toll exceeds the total of breast- and prostate cancer combined. Officially, it's the sixth-leading cause of death, but a 2014 study suggests that it is actually one of the top three (just behind heart disease and cancer). The discrepancy being how death certificates underreport the disese because they record the more immediate cause of death (pneumonia or heart attack) rather than listing the underlyings causes.
By Larry Law February 17, 2026
True confessions: I never liked flossing, so I rarely used the string. Angie used all of the flossing strings I collected from the dentist to cut the dough when making cinnamon rolls—I thought that was a better and tastier use! I always brushed my teeth (manually and with a battery operated toothbrush). My teeth felt clean enough, but still, I had a lot of dental guilt every 6 months when I had to admit I wasn't flossing. A few years ago, I found a device that removed all my guilt and shame! I discovered the waterpik. A waterpik (also known as a dental water jet) is a brand of water flosser or oral irrigator that sprays water to remove food from between your teeth. Water flossers are a fabulous option for people who have trouble with traditional flossing—the kind that involves threading string-like material between your teeth. The girl in the picture looks like me trying to floss!
By Larry Law February 3, 2026
Shingles is a viral infection caused by the activation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), also called human herpesvirus 3. That's the same virus that causes chickenpox. If you have ever had chickenpox, you were exposed to the varicella-zoster virus, which stays in your body for the rest of your life. If this occurs, the virus can reactivate as shingles years later. Being exposed to children with chickenpox keeps adult immunity up and reduces the chance of shingles in the future. Unfortunately, because we have largely eliminated chickenpox in kids, there is no repeated exposure to the virus to keep shingles at bay. The medical community has traded a kid's disease with few side effects for an adult disease with a lot of pain and discomfort. The VZV is a member of the herpes family of viruses. When shingles develops, it affects the nerves throughout the body resulting in painful, uncomfortable symptoms.
January 20, 2026
There are no easy answers for those who struggle with sleeping at night. Without a good night's sleep, our body's repair systems begin to struggle. A hormone we are familiar with has a little-known role in managing sleep. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that helps the body respond to stress and danger. It's also known as the "stress hormone" and is produced in the adrenal glands, which sit on top of each kidney. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates cortisol production and secretion. But I didn't realize it played an important role in keeping us from sleep.
By Larry Law December 9, 2025
Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes the body to attack its own tissues and organs, including the joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs. According to traditional medicine, there is no cure for lupus. The work of the GRM demonstrates that there is hope through nutritional glycobiology. Current lupus medical treatments often target symptoms or broadly suppress the immune system, leading to side effects. However, Marina Zhang, an outstanding health reporter with The Epoch Times, reported that according to a Nature study published in 2024, science has discovered that patients with lupus have an imbalance in a crucial chemical pathway in their bodies. Researchers found that this imbalance produces more disease-causing cells that promote lupus. If this chemical imbalance can be corrected, they believe lupus can be reversed.
By Larry Law November 25, 2025
A recent study on sialic acid (a sugar) shines a bright light on an established risk factor for cancer. Scientists and doctors have known long-term consumption of red meat (beef, pork and lamb) is highly correlated to cancer. For years, researchers have looked for specific mechanisms in the meat that would cause human carcinomas. Grilling red meat was thought to create DNA damage due to mutagens, which are chemicals that mutate DNA. But that theory didn’t pan out. Grilling poultry and fish generates the same mutagens, but fish and poultry are not associated with an increased risk of cancer. ​
By Larry A. Law November 11, 2025
A false paradigm is a belief system that is incorrect. For centuries, people believed the sun went around the Earth. People looked up in the sky and it happened every day without fail. However, it was Copernicus in 1543 and Galileo in the 1600s who finally advanced the idea that what everyone saw each day was an illusion: the Earth actually went around the sun. Mark Twain stated, "It's not what we don't know that prevents us from succeeding; it's what we KNOW that just ain't so." I will discuss 5 false paradigms below.
Show More