Essentials of Glycobiology—Part 3 (All Living Cells)

Author -  Larry A. Law

July 2, 2024
Print Friendly and PDF

Share this article:

The National Academy of Science stated that "every living cell on the planet is covered with a dense and complex array of glycans." This array of sugars is called the glycocalyx in humans. It also represents the cell wall in plants. Humans have somewhere around 200 different types of cells classified into four tissue types: epithelial (internal surface linings), muscle, nerve, and connective. Each type of cell has a different structure, size, shape, function, and organelles (factories within). Scientists currently estimate there are 37 trillion cells constituting the adult male, human body. Each one of these cells had a shroud or beard of sugars covering its surface. And it isn't just human cells. Every cell in every animal has sugars covering their surface. Every plant on planet earth has cell walls comprised of sugars on their surface. Humans have 39 trillion microbes (bacteria) within their body. That quantity is more than the number of cells that make up our body. That means, we are more bacteria (by number) than we are human cells! Fortunately, bacteria are a lot smaller so you don't see them very easily.

Viruses

If speaking of bacterial microbes sounds somewhat disgusting, wait till you hear about the number of viruses in your body! Biologists currently estimate that the human body contains 380 trillion viruses, which is ten times the number of bacteria! The collection of viruses is known as the human virome and can be found in every tissue of the body, including the blood and brain, and is even woven into the genetic code of cells. Viruses are all around us. Every day we breathe in over 100,000,000 (yes—100 million per day)! Most of these are harmless, but some can make us sick especially if our immune system is compromised. The viruses are so small that no mask can stop them. Masks only stop surgeons from spitting germs into open wounds of patients on the operating table. Respiratory viruses cannot be stopped.

In the COVID-19 pandemic it was the elderly and individuals with compromised immune systems that died. Children and the younger generations (less than 60 years of age) were virtually immune to it. Even though it was a gain-of-function virus engineered in a bioweapons laboratory in Wuhan, China, less than 1% of the U.S. population succumbed. But scare tactics were used to take control of democracies and eliminate personal liberty. The medical community created a fake pandemic so the pharmaceutical industry could fill their coffers with a vaccine that proved totally ineffective at stopping infection and transmission of the virus. The experimental gene therapy actully harmed and killed thousands of innocent people who could have been saved with early treatment utilizing safe therapeutics like ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine.

During COVID-19, the public learned more than they wanted to know about the spike protein on the engineered COVID-19 virus. The spike protein is actually a glycoprotein that attaches to an ACE receptor (also a glycoprotein) located on the glycocalyx of many epithelial cells lining the throat and lungs. Even though they cannot live by themselves, it turns out that all viruses are covered with sugars. Without sugars, they cannot bind to human or animal cells. They have to bind in order to infiltrate the cell membrane and use the production facilities of the host cell to make copies of themselves and move on to other uninfected cells. They are racing against time before the immune system stops them.

​The critical thing about this fact of glycobiology is to realize that if there is no array of sugars surrounding the cell or organism, it is dead. That's what sugars have to do with life!

Recent Posts

By Larry Law March 31, 2026
Kitchen cooking oils will not last forever. Depending upon the oil, it can go rancid in a matter of months or a few years. You don't want to cook with rancid oil because it smells like wet socks and the living components have lost their vitality. But the good news is, expired oil won't hurt you. There is no water in it, so no mold can grow to make it rotten and dangerous. It can still be used for creative applications. According to the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, “Vegetable oils have many good natural properties including good lubricity, good resistance to shear, a high flash point, and a high viscosity index.” These qualities make them quite versatile in a number of applications. You might consider keeping your old oil rather than throwing it out. Recycling expired oil could prove to be a valuable asset in emergency situations.
By Larry Law March 17, 2026
Disposable face masks, such as those health officials encouraged (or in some cases, mandated) the public to wear during the COVID-19 pandemic, are made of synthetic fibers and may contain chemical compounds. Many people have questioned the wisdom of wearing masks made of synthetic fibers for long periods, asking whether inhaling the chemical compounds masks release could lead to health problems.
By Larry Law March 3, 2026
Deaths from Alzheimer's more than doubled between 2000 and 2019. In 2023, nearly 7 million Americans have been diagnosed with the disease. Today, 1 in 3 seniors dies with Alzheimer's or dementia—the death toll exceeds the total of breast- and prostate cancer combined. Officially, it's the sixth-leading cause of death, but a 2014 study suggests that it is actually one of the top three (just behind heart disease and cancer). The discrepancy being how death certificates underreport the disese because they record the more immediate cause of death (pneumonia or heart attack) rather than listing the underlyings causes.
By Larry Law February 17, 2026
True confessions: I never liked flossing, so I rarely used the string. Angie used all of the flossing strings I collected from the dentist to cut the dough when making cinnamon rolls—I thought that was a better and tastier use! I always brushed my teeth (manually and with a battery operated toothbrush). My teeth felt clean enough, but still, I had a lot of dental guilt every 6 months when I had to admit I wasn't flossing. A few years ago, I found a device that removed all my guilt and shame! I discovered the waterpik. A waterpik (also known as a dental water jet) is a brand of water flosser or oral irrigator that sprays water to remove food from between your teeth. Water flossers are a fabulous option for people who have trouble with traditional flossing—the kind that involves threading string-like material between your teeth. The girl in the picture looks like me trying to floss!
By Larry Law February 3, 2026
Shingles is a viral infection caused by the activation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), also called human herpesvirus 3. That's the same virus that causes chickenpox. If you have ever had chickenpox, you were exposed to the varicella-zoster virus, which stays in your body for the rest of your life. If this occurs, the virus can reactivate as shingles years later. Being exposed to children with chickenpox keeps adult immunity up and reduces the chance of shingles in the future. Unfortunately, because we have largely eliminated chickenpox in kids, there is no repeated exposure to the virus to keep shingles at bay. The medical community has traded a kid's disease with few side effects for an adult disease with a lot of pain and discomfort. The VZV is a member of the herpes family of viruses. When shingles develops, it affects the nerves throughout the body resulting in painful, uncomfortable symptoms.
January 20, 2026
There are no easy answers for those who struggle with sleeping at night. Without a good night's sleep, our body's repair systems begin to struggle. A hormone we are familiar with has a little-known role in managing sleep. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that helps the body respond to stress and danger. It's also known as the "stress hormone" and is produced in the adrenal glands, which sit on top of each kidney. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates cortisol production and secretion. But I didn't realize it played an important role in keeping us from sleep.
By Larry Law December 9, 2025
Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes the body to attack its own tissues and organs, including the joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs. According to traditional medicine, there is no cure for lupus. The work of the GRM demonstrates that there is hope through nutritional glycobiology. Current lupus medical treatments often target symptoms or broadly suppress the immune system, leading to side effects. However, Marina Zhang, an outstanding health reporter with The Epoch Times, reported that according to a Nature study published in 2024, science has discovered that patients with lupus have an imbalance in a crucial chemical pathway in their bodies. Researchers found that this imbalance produces more disease-causing cells that promote lupus. If this chemical imbalance can be corrected, they believe lupus can be reversed.
By Larry Law November 25, 2025
A recent study on sialic acid (a sugar) shines a bright light on an established risk factor for cancer. Scientists and doctors have known long-term consumption of red meat (beef, pork and lamb) is highly correlated to cancer. For years, researchers have looked for specific mechanisms in the meat that would cause human carcinomas. Grilling red meat was thought to create DNA damage due to mutagens, which are chemicals that mutate DNA. But that theory didn’t pan out. Grilling poultry and fish generates the same mutagens, but fish and poultry are not associated with an increased risk of cancer. ​
By Larry A. Law November 11, 2025
A false paradigm is a belief system that is incorrect. For centuries, people believed the sun went around the Earth. People looked up in the sky and it happened every day without fail. However, it was Copernicus in 1543 and Galileo in the 1600s who finally advanced the idea that what everyone saw each day was an illusion: the Earth actually went around the sun. Mark Twain stated, "It's not what we don't know that prevents us from succeeding; it's what we KNOW that just ain't so." I will discuss 5 false paradigms below.
Show More