A false paradigm is a belief system that is incorrect. For centuries, people believed the sun went around the Earth. People looked up in the sky and it happened every day without fail. However, it was Copernicus in 1543 and Galileo in the 1600s who finally advanced the idea that what everyone saw each day was an illusion: the Earth actually went around the sun. Mark Twain stated, "It's not what we don't know that prevents us from succeeding; it's what we KNOW that just ain't so." I will discuss 5 false paradigms below. 

The diverse roles glycans play in the body are simply astounding. As communication sugars, they represent the language of life. That is impressive enough by itself, but they do much more. Glycoproteins hold cells together. When they perform this function, they are referred to as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). They govern the stickiness of cells—how they clump or align and stick together. When adhesion fails in cancer cells, scientists call this metastasis. 

Most people don't really know what cancer is. Some people think they are only at risk if it is in the genes. Some think they catch it like a virus. Some feel it is a chemical carcinogen they were exposed to. And some people think it is just an unlucky, random bump or lump. There doesn't seem to be a consensus even after spending billions of dollars on research over the last 5 decades. 

The adult human body has over 60,000 miles of blood-carrying vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries). That is 100,000 kilometers or 2.5 times around the circumference of the earth if our blood vessels were laid end to end! The inside cavity of these vessels looks like a dark tunnel. The inside, inner surface of this 'tunnel' is called the lumen. The surface of the lumen consists of endothelial cells with their glycocalyx extending towards the inner cavity of the blood vessel. Blood flows through this inner chamber on top of the glycocalyx of the endothelial cells as shown in the picture.

There are some 200 sugars in nature, but only eight constitute the glycobiology sugars that build cell receptors on the glycocalyx of cell membranes. Individual sugars form 3-dimensional ring structures. They are linked together with proteins and lipids in branching, tree-like structures. All of the sugars have carbon connected to oxygen and hydrogen. The n-acetyls also have a nitrogen and acetyl group. Xylose is a pentagon of 5 carbons. N-acetyl neuraminic acid (sialic acid) is a nonagon with 9 carbons. All the rest (glucose, mannose, fucose, galactose, n-acetyl glucosamine, and n-acetylgalactosamine) are hexagons with 6 carbons.  

The body is an amazing machine! It is finely tuned to ensure balance between each system. There are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary backup systems to ensure our bodies are capable of functioning optimally. They all work together through a sophisticated feedback system that regulates and balances metabolic pathways like an accelerator and brake in a car. Speeding up and slowing down our metabolism and biochemistry is how the body regulates itself to keep things in order. 

The brain is the command center for human operations. These operations can be voluntary or involuntary. The sugar, sialic acid (Sia) is one of the eight glycobology sugars of particular interest in brain development. It is often noted as poly sialic acid (polySia or PSA) in the scientific literature. PSA if very often the terminal (last) sugar on cell receptors in the brain. It is the most common sugar in the brain and actively influences connections and brain development.  

In the creation of life, sperm and ovum get together and connect via glycolipids and new life begins. It's like a key turning the lock. The ovum's membrane (glycocalyx) unlocks to allow a foreign cell to penetrate the ovum. Cells are very adverse to letting this type of thing happen. They are designed to protect what is inside from what is outside. Only the right key can unlock the door. This is especially true when it is something coming from a completely different human body! The process of pregnancy is really a miracle and an exception to what is normally permitted in the human body. 

Saying the word COVID-19 still gets my blog articles tagged by social media and sent to spam folders when I include them in the eZine. It's been five years, but the entrenched medical system still does not want the truths to come out concerning the fake pandemic. I have published 125 articles since November 2019 when the medically-induced fearmongering began. Fortunately, a positive side-effect of the panic resulted in the public learning more about glycobiology than they had ever known before. 

This article is the sixth in the series on glycobiology (the study of sugar/saccharides). Polysaccharide vaccines consist solely of glycan components, but they typically elicit a poor immune response when injected into the body. Conjugate vaccines consist of glycans coupled to carrier proteins (glycoproteins) and are much more effective. Many licensed vaccines leverage bacterial cell-surface carbohydrates as antigens. Many glycans are used as adjuvants to enhance immune responses. Adjuvants are foreign substances (heavy metals like mercury or aluminum) used by vaccine manufacturers to stimulate the immune system. The injection of foreign, toxic material elicits an aggressive immune response like the reaction to a bee sting. This immune response to the heavy metal is also associated with the dead, weakened virus entity and thus creates an artificial immunity within the body.